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Saturday 20 August 2011



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ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION


CHAPTER NO.1



                                  PARTS OF SPEECH

Every word is one part of speech or the other. the parts of speech are eight in number:

1.     Noun
2.     Pronoun
3.     Adjectives
4.     Adverbs
5.     Verbs
6.     Prepositions
7.     Conjunctions
8.     Interjections

1- NOUN:

 Nouns are words used for persons, places, things, ideas, or quality.
Examples: 
 Osama, Sadia, boy, girl, children; classrooms, notebooks; freedom, intelligence; joy, anger, hope.

2.  PRONOUN

Pronouns are words used in place of noun.
Examples:
a.      Personal pronouns:  I, mine, me; you, yours; she, hers, her, he, his, him; it, its; we, ours, us; they,     theirs, them.
b.       Demonstrative pronouns:  this, that, these, those
  c.    Interrogative pronouns:  who, whose, whom, which, what
  d.    Relative pronouns (include):  who, who, whose, which, that; whoever, whomever, whichever
  e.   Indefinite pronouns (include):  all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either,    everybody, everyone, everything, many, no one, none, one, others neither, nobody, some, somebody, someone, such
  f.   reflexive  Intensive or pronouns:  myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves

3. ADJECTIVE

An adjective describes or limits a noun.
Examples: 
tall, young, pretty, light, blue, new, white  (The tall, young, pretty girl is wearing a light blue dress with her new white shoes.)  (NOT:a light dress blue with her new shoes white.)
Adjectives and adverbs have three degrees of comparison:  positive, comparative, superlative. 
Examples:
Sara has a smart child.  Hadia has a smarter child.  Nadia has the smartest child.
Ali is an intelligent student. Wasif is more intelligent than Tanya.  Saaim is the most intelligent student.
The red car is expensive.  The white car is less expensive.  The blue car is the least expensive.
I’m a good painter.   She’s a better painter.   He’s the best painter.
I’m a bad singer.  She’s a worse singer.   He’s the worst singer.

4. ADVERB     

An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs usually tell how (for example: slowly), when (e.g., lately), where (e.g., there), how much (e.g., very), or why (e.g., therefore).
Example:  
He always chews his gum loudly.

5. VERB

A verb expresses an action or a condition (a state of being).
Examples: 
Bassam Ali will eat the hamburger.  (action)           Sara is happy.  (condition or state of being)
                    Raja won’t eat the hamburger.                  Sara isn’t happy.
                    Will Raja eat the hamburger?                   Is Sara happy?

6. PREPOSITION

A preposition usually shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another part of a sentence.
There are many prepositions, including:  about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, beside, besides, by, down, during, except, from, for, in, inside, into, like, near, next, of, off, on, out, out of, outside, over, past, round, since, than, through, till, to,  toward, towards, under, underneath, unless, until, upon, up, with, within, without.
Examples: 
My pencil is under my desk by my foot.         Mona drove from Lahore to Sargodha.

7. CONJUNCTION

A conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses.
Coordinate conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal value:  and, or, nor, but (and sometimes for).  e.g., the dog and the cat are hungry.
Correlative conjunctions occur in pairs:  both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also.  e.g., Both the fish and the snake are thirsty.
Subordinate conjunctions connect unequal clauses (dependent clauses with independent clauses). They include:  after, although, as, because, before, if, since, than, though, unless, until, when, where, while.
Example
 After they ate, they had dessert.

8. INTERJECTION

An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion; usually it is followed by an exclamation mark.
Examples: 
Oh!  Ah!  Wow!  Darn!  Gosh!  Golly!  Gee!  Ow!  Ouch!  Yikes!  Holy moly!  Yippee!  Hooray!  Boo!   Whew!  













ONLINE TEST FOR STUDENTS


FIRST YEAR ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(OBJECTIVE)
FIRST YEAR ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(SUBJECTIVE)
SECOND YEAR ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(OBJECTIVE)
SECOND YEAR ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(SUBJECTIVE)
GRADE-9TH CLASS ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(OBJECTIVE)
GRADE-9TH CLASS ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(SUBJECTIVE)
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