MESSAGE
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION
CHAPTER NO.1
PARTS
OF SPEECH
Every word is one part of speech or the other. the parts of
speech are eight in number:
1.
Noun
2.
Pronoun
3.
Adjectives
4.
Adverbs
5.
Verbs
6.
Prepositions
7.
Conjunctions
8.
Interjections
1-
NOUN:
Nouns are words used for persons, places,
things, ideas, or quality.
Examples:
Osama, Sadia, boy,
girl, children; classrooms, notebooks; freedom, intelligence; joy, anger, hope.
2. PRONOUN
Pronouns are words used
in place of noun.
Examples:
a.
Personal pronouns: I, mine, me; you,
yours; she, hers, her, he, his, him; it, its; we, ours, us; they, theirs, them.
b. Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these,
those
c. Interrogative
pronouns: who, whose, whom, which, what
d. Relative
pronouns (include): who, who, whose, which, that; whoever, whomever,
whichever
e. Indefinite pronouns (include): all,
another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, many, no
one, none, one, others neither, nobody, some, somebody, someone, such
f. reflexive Intensive or pronouns: myself, yourself,
himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves
3. ADJECTIVE
An adjective describes
or limits a noun.
Examples:
tall, young, pretty,
light, blue, new, white (The tall, young, pretty girl is wearing a light
blue dress with her new white shoes.) (NOT:a light dress blue with her new shoes white.)
Adjectives and adverbs
have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative,
superlative.
Examples:
Sara has a smart child. Hadia has a smarter child. Nadia has the smartest child.
Ali is an intelligent student. Wasif is more intelligent than Tanya. Saaim is the most intelligent student.
The red car is expensive. The white car is less expensive.
The blue car is the least expensive.
I’m a good painter. She’s a better painter.
He’s the best painter.
I’m a bad singer. She’s a worse singer. He’s the worst singer.
4. ADVERB
An adverb describes a
verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs usually tell how (for example:
slowly), when (e.g., lately), where (e.g., there), how much (e.g., very), or
why (e.g., therefore).
Example:
He always chews his gum loudly.
5. VERB
A verb expresses an
action or a condition (a state of being).
Examples:
Bassam Ali will eat the hamburger.
(action) Sara is happy. (condition or state of being)
Raja won’t eat the
hamburger.
Sara isn’t happy.
Will Raja eat the
hamburger?
Is Sara happy?
6. PREPOSITION
A preposition usually shows
the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another part of a sentence.
There are many
prepositions, including: about, above, across, after, against, along,
among, around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, beside,
besides, by, down, during, except, from, for, in, inside, into, like, near,
next, of, off, on, out, out of, outside, over, past, round, since, than, through,
till, to, toward, towards, under, underneath, unless, until, upon, up,
with, within, without.
Examples:
My pencil is under my desk by my foot.
Mona drove from Lahore to Sargodha.
7. CONJUNCTION
A conjunction connects
words, phrases, and clauses.
Coordinate conjunctions
connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal value: and, or, nor, but
(and sometimes for). e.g., the dog and the cat are hungry.
Correlative conjunctions
occur in pairs: both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-but
also. e.g., Both the fish and the snake are thirsty.
Subordinate conjunctions
connect unequal clauses (dependent clauses with independent clauses). They
include: after, although, as, because, before, if, since, than, though,
unless, until, when, where, while.
Example
After they ate, they had dessert.
8. INTERJECTION
An interjection is a
word that expresses feeling or emotion; usually it is followed by an
exclamation mark.
Examples:
Oh! Ah!
Wow! Darn! Gosh! Golly! Gee! Ow!
Ouch! Yikes! Holy moly! Yippee! Hooray!
Boo! Whew!
ONLINE TEST FOR STUDENTS
FIRST YEAR ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(OBJECTIVE)
FIRST YEAR ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(SUBJECTIVE)
SECOND YEAR ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(OBJECTIVE)
SECOND YEAR ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(SUBJECTIVE)
GRADE-9TH CLASS ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(OBJECTIVE)
GRADE-9TH CLASS ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(SUBJECTIVE)
GRADE-10TH CLASS ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(OBJECTIVE)
GRADE-10TH CLASS ENGLISH---TEST PAPER(SUBJECTIVE)